A review of national and international publications on paragonimiasis in Ecuador, epidemiological records from the Ministry of Public Health and unpublished research data was conducted to summarise the current status of the parasite/disease. The purpose of the review is to educate physicians, policy-makers and health providers on the status of the disease and to stimulate scientific investigators to conduct further research. Paragonimiasis was first diagnosed in Ecuador 94 years ago and it is endemic to both tropical and subtropical regions in 19 of 24 provinces in the Pacific Coast and Amazon regions. Paragonimus mexicanus is the only known species in the country, with the mollusc Aroapyrgus colombiensis and the crabs Moreirocarcinus emarginatus, Hypolobocera chilensis and Hypolobocera aequatorialis being the primary and secondary intermediate hosts, respectively. Recent studies found P. mexicanus metacercariae in Trichodactylus faxoni crabs of the northern Amazon. Chronic pulmonary paragonimiasis is commonly misdiagnosed and treated as tuberculosis and although studies have demonstrated the efficacy of praziquantel and triclabendazole for the treatment of human infections, neither drug is available in Ecuador. Official data recorded from 1978-2007 indicate an annual incidence of 85.5 cases throughout the 19 provinces, with an estimated 17.2% of the population at risk of infection. There are no current data on the incidence/prevalence of infection, nor is there a national control programme.

Objectives. To identify the species of Leishmania present in the skin lesions of patients and Lutzomyias living in endemic areas of La Libertad, Peru. Materials and methods. Molecular methods based on PCR and RFLP were used, which allowed to have efficient data with small amounts of samples (small specimens), due to their high sensitivity and ease of application in the field work. Results. The results of PCR of clinical samples of patients and insect vectors showed the presence of Leishmania (V.) peruviana as a major causative agent of andean leishmaniasis transmitted by Lutzomyia peruensis. The presence of Leishmania (V.) guyanensis in Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, was found as well. Conclusions. The presence of L. (V.) peruviana and L. (V.) guyanensis in the Andean areas under study was found. These findings remark the need of a wider research about the geographical distribution of L. (V.) guyanensis and clinical features related to the infection in endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Objetivos. Identificar las especies de Leishmania presentes en las lesiones cutáneas del paciente y en las Lutzomyias que cohabitan en las áreas endémicas de la región La Libertad en el Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se usaron métodos moleculares basados en PCR y RFLP lo cual permitió obtener datos eficientes con poca muestra (pequeños especímenes), debido a su alta sensibilidad y las facilidades de aplicación en el trabajo de campo. Resultados. Los resultados del PCR de pacientes y de vectores, mostraron la presencia de Leishmania (V.) peruviana como principal agente causal de la Leishmaniosis tipo andina, transmitidas por Lutzomyia peruensis. Así mismo, se reveló la presencia de Leishmania (V.) guyanensis en Lutzomyia ayacuchensis. Conclusiones. Se mostró la presencia de L. (V.) peruviana y L. (V.) guyanensis en las áreas andinas en estudio. Hallazgos que exigen realizar una investigación más amplia sobre la distribución geográfica de L. (V.) guyanensis y las características clínicas relacionadas con la infección en áreas endémicas de Leishmaniosis cutánea.

Objectives. To identify the species of Leishmania present in the skin lesions of patients and Lutzomyias living in endemic areas of La Libertad, Peru. Materials and methods. Molecular methods based on PCR and RFLP were used, which allowed to have efficient data with small amounts of samples (small specimens), due to their high sensitivity and ease of application in the field work. Results. The results of PCR of clinical samples of patients and insect vectors showed the presence of Leishmania (V.) peruviana as a major causative agent of andean leishmaniasis transmitted by Lutzomyia peruensis. The presence of Leishmania (V.) guyanensis in Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, was found as well. Conclusions. The presence of L. (V.) peruviana and L. (V.) guyanensis in the Andean areas under study was found. These findings remark the need of a wider research about the geographical distribution of L. (V.) guyanensis and clinical features related to the infection in endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Objetivos. Identificar las especies de Leishmania presentes en las lesiones cutáneas del paciente y en las Lutzomyias que cohabitan en las áreas endémicas de la región La Libertad en el Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se usaron métodos moleculares basados en PCR y RFLP lo cual permitió obtener datos eficientes con poca muestra (pequeños especímenes), debido a su alta sensibilidad y las facilidades de aplicación en el trabajo de campo. Resultados. Los resultados del PCR de pacientes y de vectores, mostraron la presencia de Leishmania (V.) peruviana como principal agente causal de la Leishmaniosis tipo andina, transmitidas por Lutzomyia peruensis. Así mismo, se reveló la presencia de Leishmania (V.) guyanensis en Lutzomyia ayacuchensis. Conclusiones. Se mostró la presencia de L. (V.) peruviana y L. (V.) guyanensis en las áreas andinas en estudio. Hallazgos que exigen realizar una investigación más amplia sobre la distribución geográfica de L. (V.) guyanensis y las características clínicas relacionadas con la infección en áreas endémicas de Leishmaniosis cutánea.

Although leishmaniasis is regarded as a significant health problem in Ecuador by the Ministry of Health, and the incidence has increased over the last years, an official map on the geographic distribution of disease and sand fly vectors or a control strategy do not exist yet. This article reviews the current situation based on published information to improve our knowledge and understand the epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis in Ecuador in order to help future research and to develop a national control strategy. The disease is endemic in most provinces throughout Pacific coastal region, Amazonian lowlands, and some inter-Andean valleys with a total 21,805 cases reported during 1990-2003. Whereas cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is found throughout Ecuador, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) appears to be restricted to the Amazon region; one, parasitologically unconfirmed case of visceral form was reported in 1949. Most human infections are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) spp., which is distributed in the subtropical and tropical lowlands; infections due to L. (Leishmania) spp. are found in the Andean highlands and in the Pacific lowlands as well. The proven vectors are Lutzomyia trapidoi and Lu. ayacuchensis. Canis familiaris, Sciurus vulgaris, Potos flavus, and Tamandua tetradactyla have been found infected with Leishmania spp. It is estimated that around 3000-4500 people may be infected every year, and that 3.1 to 4.5 millions people are estimated to be at risk of contracting leishmaniasis.

Characterization is given of a new parasite, Leishmania equatoriensis sp.n. wich was isolated from the viscera of a sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) and a squirrel (Sciurus granatensis), captured in humid tropical forest onthe Pacific Coast of Ecuador. Data based on biological and molecular criteria, as well as numerical zymotaxonomical analysis, indicate that this parasite is a new species of the L. brasiliensis complex. L. equatoriensis is cleary distinguishable form all other known species within this complex, using the following molecular criteria: reactivity patterns with specific monoclonal antibodies, isoenzyme electrophoresis, and restriction-endonuclease fragment patterns of kinetoplast DNA (k-DNA).